The international symposium “Teaching Languages for Specific and Academic Purposes” aimed to bring together university instructors and researchers of LSP and LAP in order to share and explore approaches, methods, and practices which have emerged within diverse contexts. Topics include needs analyses, TBLT, curriculum development, collaborative reflective writing, correction codes, specific communication skills and competences, institutional challenges, technology and digital literacies, word lists, reading skills, textbooks, L1 transfer, academic writing styles in L1 versus L2, assessment, and motivation.
Il contributo affronta il tema della didattica della comunicazione specialistica in italiano. Dopo una breve disamina sul tema della comunicazione specialistica e di come questa sia affrontata nella ricerca italofona, si passerà ad un approfondimento dal punto di vista didattico partendo da esempi concreti legati al linguaggio giuridico. Tale linguaggio è forse il più culturalmente connotato, e quindi difficilmente trasponibile in altre lingue, proprio per la sua caratterizzazione nazionale. Per tale motivo spesso si discute se ad insegnare il linguaggio giuridico ci debba essere un/a docente di diritto, che conosce bene la lingua, o un/a docente di lingua, che conosca bene il diritto. Sulla base di tali riflessioni verrà proposta una possibile soluzione.
A Quantitative Approach to Increase Awareness of Grammatical Inaccuracies in L2 Academic Writing
Identifying and classifying grammatical errors is a common practice in providing grammar feedback of L2 academic writing. Through error identification, students can recognize patterns in their writing and more precisely edit their work. However, even after identifying and correcting these errors, students often repeat the same inaccuracies in subsequent writings. Thus, while error identification can lay the foundation for improving grammatical awareness in academic writing, it must be followed by additional analysis for the student to reap the full benefit of this practice. Categorizing the errors in error charts has been shown to be beneficial for L2 academic writers by allowing them to more easily observe and analyze larger trends in their writing. (Ferris, 2005). These charts also prompt the student to produce quantitative and statistical representations of their writing, adding new depth to their grammatical awareness and facilitating easier identification of strengths and weaknesses to prioritize learning targets. This paper presents a 5-step process for implementing error identification and error logs to create graphical and statistical representations of errors in written work.
Negotiation in the Foreign Language Classroom: Developing Global Learners as Negotiators
Negotiation is a fact of life, a pervasive skill that we unknowingly use in any situation to avoid breakdowns in communication. It is surprising that it has not yet become a school subject worldwide, yet it should, because it stands at the core of emotional literacy ‒ our ability to express personal feelings and to deal effectively with other people's feelings in conflict situations. This paper follows up on its author's ongoing research and field practice in the design of experimental FL materials for social and emotional learning (SEL). It draws attention to the socio-emotional, behavioural, and sociopragmatic potential of negotiation, intended as a learnable discipline in its own right. It hunts for shared topics and learning objectives related to negotiation within global citizenship education guidance in Europe. The author's aim is to elicit curiosity in all FL teachers and to suggest why and how negotiation can be integrated as language-specific content in their lessons. Teachers and students exploring the art of negotiation and language-awareness may contribute peace and long-term vision to their schools and communities as active global citizens.
Processes for Instructional Material Development for ESP Classes from the Critical Literacy Perspective in a Federal Educational Center in Brazil
Teaching English for specific purposes presents the challenge of designing and developing instructional materials that will cater for students’ needs. According to Hutchinson and Waters (1987), students, professors from the specialized fields, and the English teacher should work in tandem, so that the teaching of the English language might actually meet the students’ needs. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the origins of and advances in ESP in Brazil since its beginning with professor Maria Alba Celani’s focus on material’s development, selection, and adaptation. The materials that will be presented here come from the chosen classes of the industrial and mechanical engineering courses, as well as, a technical course in the fields of mining and ports offered at a Federal Center of Technological Education located in Itaguaí, a district of Rio de Janeiro. Special attention is given to the course in the field of ports due to two environmental disasters caused by a famous company that is well-known to the students. Given that each course in these degree programs are associated with specific needs, and given that most courses involve technical issues, of central concern in this chapter is presenting and reflecting upon the materials developed, stressing the importance of teaching ESP under the critical literacy perspective (Jordão, 2012; Fairclough, 2003), which promotes a critical and reflective language education.
Collaborative Academic Writing: Challenges and Difficulties of English Native and Non-Native Speaker Students on an Academic Skills Module in a UK University
Collaborative learning has recently gained increased importance in teaching, learning, and assessment in higher education (Storch, 2005; Luna & Ortiz 2013; Jalili & Shahrokhi, 2017). Working collaboratively means that students can help each other and make themselves more independent learners. Students’ experiences writing collaboratively are said to have a positive impact on their overall academic performance and writing development. However, collaborative academic writing does not seem to be given the necessary attention in the literature. The present study attempts to explore this neglected area by addressing the challenges and problems faced by students when working and writing collaboratively. Participants were both English native and non-native students enrolled on a Year 0 (foundation year) taking an academic skills module in a UK university to prepare themselves to cope with their various disciplines of study. The study adopted a qualitative methodology where data were collected via focus group interviews. Results showed that students reported a number of challenges and difficulties when working together. The pedagogical implications for EAP will be presented and discussed.
Lessons learnt: Flipping a Business English Course with Moodle’s “Learning Paths”
Inverted/flipped learning1 has been taking the field of education by storm but the concept seems to be still under-researched in EFL / ESP contexts, especially in relation to its exact impact on promoting students’ English learning (e.g., Lee & Wallace, 2018; Kirk & Casenove, 2016). The approach involves students engaging in online self-directed learning phases in which they gain factual knowledge prior to the classroom learning phases during which they can apply the acquired knowledge to develop higher-order thinking skills, such as analysis, synthesis, and evaluation (Tolks, Schäfer, Raupach, Kruse, Sarikas, Gerhardt-Szép, Klauer, Lemos, Fischer, Eichner, Sostmann, & Hege, 2016, p. 3). This paper reports on the outcomes of an action research project whose aim was to improve the learning experience of a cohort of undergraduate students taking a business English course by inverting the classroom. The self-directed phases involved creating learning paths u sing Moodle’s activity completion and restrict access settings as well as various features (e.g., quizzes) that relied on both the course book material and authentic online sources. During face-to-face sessions the focus was on extending the task-based approach used with previous cohorts by using open case studies to develop students’ productive skills. The lessons learnt – via student feedback and the lecturer’s own reflection ‒ will be examined in detail and suggestions for refining the concept further will be offered.
Individuelle Glossare als Hilfsmittel für fachsprachliche Kommunikation
Der Erwerb fachsprachlicher Kompetenz in Zweit- und Fremdsprachen spielt in der Ausbildung von akademischen Fachkräften eine entscheidende Rolle. Fachsprache unterscheidet sich von Alltagssprache vor allem durch den Gebrauch fachbezogener Sprachmittel und eines spezifischen Wortschatzes. Somit stellt Fachvokabular ein wesentliches Element der Fachsprache dar. Wie können sich aber Studierende einen angemessenen Fachwortschatz aneignen und sich seiner effizient bedienen? In diesem Beitrag soll, ausgehend von allgemeinen Überlegungen zur Fachsprache und zum Fachsprachenunterricht, durch eine konkrete Unterrichtserfahrung an der dreisprachigen Freien Universität Bozen dargestellt werden, wie Fachvokabular auch in sprachlich heterogenen Lerngruppen mit Hilfe von individuellen Glossaren systematisch und gleichzeitig lernerzentriert erarbeitet, erweitert und gefestigt werden kann. Außerdem soll aufgezeigt werden, wie man dadurch fachliche und sprachliche Vorkenntnisse, individuelle Bedürfnisse und angestrebte Zielqualifikationen berücksichtigen und eine selbständige sprachliche Weiterentwicklung der Studierenden ermöglichen kann.
Le LSP nella didattica della lingua italiana. Un’indagine sulla dimensione operativa
L’insegnamento delle lingue per scopi speciali (Languages for specific purposes – LSP) si configura come un obiettivo significativo per molti corsi di lingua, soprattutto per la vita professionale degli studenti (Nitti, 2017). Gli approcci di insegnamento delle LSP sono confortati da una costellazione di studi di natura accademica, rivolti alle lingue (Ciliberti, 1981; Gálová, 2007). Partendo da queste premesse è parso opportuno indagare la presenza delle LSP (Serragiotto, 2014) nella programmazione degli insegnamenti di italiano L1, L2 e LS, attraverso la redazione di un questionario, proposto a un campione rappresentativo del personale docente di diversi ordini e gradi. L’obiettivo della ricerca, infatti, è l’individuazione di eventuali difformità di insegnamento delle LSP da parte di docenti di italiano che si occupano di utenze diverse e di cicli differenti di istruzione. L’analisi dei dati ha permesso di descrivere le strategie glottodidattiche maggiormente impiegate per l’insegnamento delle LSP, delineando una panoramica delle microlingue maggiormente rappresentate nei contesti scolastici del primo e del secondo ciclo. In didattica dell’italiano L1 le LSP sono spesso date per acquisite a partire dalla scuola secondaria (Nitti, 2016), mentre per l’insegnamento dell’italiano come L2 e LS, secondo l’interpretazione dei dati, è determinante il superamento del livello soglia, nonostante la Scuola italiana spesso richieda le LSP anche in fasi meno avanzate dell’interlingua, come emerge dall’analisi dei questionari e dei sillabi.
Fachliteratur exzerpieren: Techniken und Strategien der visuellen Aufbereitung von Fachtexten im studienbegleitenden Fremdsprachenunterricht
Nach wie vor stellen die Rezeption und Verarbeitung von Fachliteratur eine Säule des Hochschulstudiums dar. Um dies zu bewältigen, sind wissensverarbeitende Strategien unverzichtbar. Hierbei ist insbesondere das Exzerpieren zu nennen. Ein Exzerpt dient der zielgerichteten Aufbereitung von schriftlichen Informationen, es kondensiert die Informationsfülle und macht sie handhabbar für andere Zusammenhänge und Projekte. Das effektive Exzerpieren stellt dabei eine besondere Herausforderung dar, wenn es um die Verarbeitung von Fachliteratur in einer fremden Wissenschaftssprache geht. Daher sollten wissensverarbeitenden Strategien wie das Exzerpieren, aber auch das Mitschreiben, etwa während einer Vorlesung, integraler Bestandteil des propädeutischen und studienbegleitenden Deutschunterrichts sein. Der Beitrag wird zunächst die Bedeutung und Besonderheiten des Exzerpierens skizzieren und Bezüge zum Gemeinsamen europäischen Referenzrahmen (GeR) (bzw. zum neuen Companion Volume) herstellen. Sodann illustrieren Beispiele aus der Praxis des studienbegleitenden DaF-Unterrichts, in welchen Arbeitsschritten und mit welchen Übungen das Exzerpieren zielführend vorbereitet werden kann. Dabei wird Bezug genommen auf die besonderen Bedingungen einer von Mehrsprachigkeit gekennzeichneten Umgebung: An der dreisprachigen Freien Universität Bozen in Südtirol (Italien) stellt der Umgang mit den drei Wissenschaftssprachen Englisch, Italienisch und Deutsch in Lehre und Forschung eine praktische Herausforderung für Studierende und Lehrende dar, die nicht nur die Kommunikation im Hochschulalltag, sondern auch das wissenschaftliche Arbeiten beeinflusst.
Zum Zusammenhang zwischen metakognitiver Fähigkeit, Leseverständniskompetenz, Lesegeschwindigkeit und schulischem Selbstkonzept mehrsprachiger Schüler*innen der Sekundarstufe I – Eine explorative Studie
In der vorliegenden explorativen Studie wird anhand einer Stichprobe von 34 mehrsprachigen Siebtklässler*innen untersucht, ob ein Zusammenhang zwischen ihrer metakognitiven Kompetenz, ihrer Leseverständnisleistung, Lesegeschwindigkeit und ihrem schulischen Selbstkonzept besteht, wobei das Geschlecht der Schülerschaft in den Analysen berücksichtigt wird. Es wird weiterhin auf die Frage eingegangen, mit welchen Variablen das schulische Selbstkonzept der Schüler*innen im Fach Deutsch korreliert, während abschließend geprüft wird, ob es sich ein geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschied im Zusammenhang zwischen metakognitiver Kompetenz und schulischem Selbstkonzept im Fach Deutsch zeigen lässt. Die Befundlage wird in die Lehrer* innenausbildung transferiert.
„weil das halt sehr wichtig ist in der wissenschaft” – Zur Nachfeldbesetzung im gesprochenen Deutsch als fremder Wissenschaftssprache
Gegenstand dieses Beitrags bilden eine Reihe syntaktischer Erscheinungen im Deutschen, die aus topologischer Sicht im Nachfeld stehen. Bisher befassten sich Studien zur Nachfeldbesetzung fast ausschließlich mit Produktionen von Deutsch L1-Sprechenden; Lernervarietäten wurden hingegen bis jetzt eher weniger berücksichtigt. Auf der Grundlage von studentischen Vorträgen fortgeschrittener Deutschlernender werden im vorliegenden Beitrag einige Beobachtungen über die Nachfeldbesetzung im gesprochenen Deutsch als fremder Wissenschaftssprache angestellt. Dabei wird exemplarisch gezeigt, wie eine funktionale und genrespezifische Auslegung dieses Phänomens aussehen kann, bei der die Bedingungen der mündlichen Wissenschaftskommunikation berücksichtigt werden.
Strategie glottodidattiche per l’italiano accademico: un’indagine sull’interferenza delle L1 nell’interlingua della L2 in ambito accademico
La lingua utilizzata nel contesto universitario assume caratteristiche proprie rispetto alla varietà standard e alle microlingue scientifiche e disciplinari (Ballarin, 2017a). Recenti studi hanno dimostrato, inoltre, la specializzazione del contesto accademico rispetto alla dimensione dei sillabi, alle caratteristiche degli apprendenti e alle pratiche disciplinari (Desideri, Tessuto, 2011; Fragai, Fratter, Jafrancesco, 2017). Data la specificità dell’academic discourse nei diversi patrimoni linguistico-culturali, è sembrato significativo interrogarsi sull’eventuale influenza delle L1 degli apprendenti e sull’impatto che comporti nella formazione dell’italiano accademico nell’interlingua dell’italiano L2. È parso opportuno, perciò, esaminare la produzione scritta e orale della L2 accademica (Ballarin, 2017b; Nitti, 2015), attraverso l’interrogazione di un corpus di produzioni linguistiche degli apprendenti in mobilità internazionale. La ricerca si prefigge di analizzare le interlingue di un campione di apprendenti, in merito all’academic discourse. L’indagine, di natura qualitativa, è stata condotta sulla base delle produzioni scritte; in particolare sono stati analizzati i supporti .ppt e .pptx per le presentazioni orali, all’interno dei corsi di lingua italiana di livello B2-C1 di studenti internazionali provenienti da diverse realtà accademiche. L’analisi dei dati evidenzia il bisogno di ricorrere a strategie glottodidattiche per la trattazione dell’italiano accademico e per la valorizzazione dell’academic discourse come pratica formativa.
Mediating the Medium: When Language Becomes an Impediment to Learning
The complicated language policy of India engages with education in various ways throughout the entire period of formal learning. The Three Language Formula is implemented across schools, but tertiary (university-level) education is, dominantly, through the medium of English. At this level, differences in fluency become magnified and have wide-ranging impact on both the individuals and the institutions. The specific challenges for individuals have to do with transacting all learning activities in English and ensuring access to employment or other higher educational opportunities despite this difficult transition. The challenge for the institutions is to achieve the core aim of successfully training students in the sciences, without loss of resources in replicating language skills instruction or compromising on the educational outcomes. This paper will consider the mediation carried out in a science and technology institution, the particular challenges posed by English as a medium of instruction, and some effective ways in which learning can be enabled within the constraints posed by the curriculum and the available financial, infrastructural, and human resources, using principled introspection, dynamic course modification to learner responses, and outside-the-curriculum language instruction. Specifically, the paper discusses how the passive language competence of the students was extended into more active use in the course of study with encouraging results.
Motivating Learners by Meeting their Needs: The Introduction of a Business English Track at the unibz Language Centre
One of the greatest challenges faced by university language centers in Italy is finding ways to motivate students to complete extracurricular language courses offered to help them meet their language proficiency requirements for graduation. It was hypothesized that the root of the problem was that the existing course offerings focus too narrowly on the most urgent need of meeting language requirements, and that one solution might be to shift from the teaching of languages for general purposes to the teaching of languages for specific purposes. This chapter examines this approach from the perspective of the widely recognized, but seldom empirically studied, link between ESP and motivation vis-à-vis the satisfaction of learner needs. After an analysis of some of the unfulfilled needs of students at the trilingual Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, the present paper relies upon both qualitative and quantitative data to report the impact of a pilot Business English track of courses which has been introduced in order to increase student participation and sustain their motivation by meeting four specific needs: 1) their need for Business English in order to gain a competitive advantage in an internationalized labor market; 2) their dual need to pass an internationally recognized English language exam in order certify their English proficiency and demonstrate to employers their specific skills in Business English; 3) their need for blended and distance learning options as well as negotiable assignment submission deadlines in order to grant them the flexibility, agency, and autonomy their active lives as students demand; 4) their need for continuous assessment in order to provide the feedback, support, and structure they need to complete such a course.
„The most scary part is course requirements.“ Die studentische Perspektive auf internationalisierte akademische Literalität im Kontext von study abroad
Die Globalisierung der Wissenschaftskulturen stellt Hochschulen mit zunehmend internationaler Ausrichtung vor die Aufgabe, speziell im universitären Sprachunterricht den Bedürfnissen unterschiedlichen Akteursgruppen gerecht zu werden. Von internationalen Studierenden verlangen die verstärkten Mobilitäts- und Internationalisierungsprozesse im Hochschulwesen, die kommunikativen Anforderungen ihres Studienalltags in einem sprachlich und kulturell divergenten akademischen Kontext zu bewältigen. Dabei brauchen sie Unterstützung von (Sprachen)lehrenden, die dafür zu sensibilisieren sind, dass Internationalisierung keine einseitige Anpassung von Studierendenseite bedeuten sollte. Vielmehr geht es dabei um eine strukturelle Adaptierung und ein kritisches Überdenken herkömmlicher Vermittlungsformen und kulturell geprägter akademischer Verhaltensmuster. In diesem Beitrag wird das hochschuldidaktische Sprachlehr- und Sprachlernforschungsprojekt „Short-term study abroad – Needs and experiences“ vorgestellt, das am Zentrum für Sprache, Plurilingualismus und Fachdidaktik der Universität Graz realisiert wird. Im Speziellen werden erste Ergebnisse einer im Wintersemester 2017/18 durchgeführten Fragebogenuntersuchung präsentiert, bei der die im Rahmen des Projekts erstellte englisch- und deutschsprachige Broschüre „Study abroad – Leitfaden für Incoming-Studierende“ erstmals evaluiert wurde. Dabei wird diskutiert, wie relevant Deutsch-als-Fremdsprache-Studierende folgende Aspekte beurteilen: Vorbereitung auf einen Auslandsstudienaufenthalt, begleitende Unterstützung und abschließende Reflexion dieser Zeit, Hochschulen als kommunikationsintensive Sozialisationsorte und Sensibilität für kulturelle sowie sprachliche Diversität.
L'italiano L2/LS nel contesto universitario. Un'interrogazione
Il processo di internazionalizzazione degli atenei porta a focalizzare sempre più l'attenzione sul ruolo delle lingue in ambito universitario e, ovviamente, anche dell'italiano per stranieri (L2/LS). Le esigenze linguistiche all'interno dell'università aumentano, si differenziano. Come si risponde a questa sfida nei corsi di italiano delle numerose università del nostro Paese? Quali sono gli strumenti che vengono offerti a studenti (in mobilità o meno) e a altri discenti in ambito accademico che necessitano di una lingua per lo studio al fine di perseguire il loro percorso accademico? Affrontare queste domande, partendo dalla prospettiva di una docente di lingua, svela innanzitutto una realtà eterogenea e ricca di contraddizioni in cui gli strumenti didattici a diposizione del/la docente sono spesso lontani dalla lingua per lo studio sotto vari aspetti, p.e. per il tipo di linguaggio, per le abilità e sotto-abilità supportate. Inoltre getta luce su una zona d'ombra, evidenziando una situazione in cui la figura stessa della docente non è chiara, se non addirittura invisibile (forse per una questione di genere?). Affiorano così interrogativi, la cui risposta potrebbe giocare un ruolo importante non solo per la qualità dell'offerta dei corsi di italiano, ma probabilmente per il futuro stesso dell'italiano come lingua accademica.
Internationalisierung, digitaler und demografischer Wandel erfordern neue Konzepte für den studienbegleitenden Deutsch als Fremd-/Zweitsprache-Unterricht. Dieser Beitrag stellt ein innovatives Konzept zur studienbegleitenden Sprachförderung vor.
Aufgaben für die Förderung von Bildungssprache bei SeiteneinsteigerInnen. Empirische Zugänge
Die Integration in das deutschsprachige Schulwesen stellt neu zugewanderte Kinder und Jugendliche vor die Herausforderung, nicht nur ihre alltagssprachlichen Kompetenzen zu erweitern, sondern auch die für einen gelingenden Besuch des Regelunterrichts unabdingbaren bildungs- und fachsprachlichen Kompetenzen auf- und auszubauen. Der folgende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, welche Aufgabentypen im DaZ-Unterricht zur Förderung von SeiteneinsteigerInnen zum Einsatz kommen und inwiefern diese einem Aufbau von fach- und bildungssprachlicher Kompetenzen entgegenkommen. Nach einer theoretischen Verortung von Aufgabenanforderungen im Kontext von Deutsch als Zweitsprache, erfolgt die Beschreibung des Untersuchungsdesigns. Die Systematisierung der Aufgaben erfolgt im Kontinuum von alltags- zu bildungssprachlich fördernden Aufgabenformen. Im Anschluss an die vorgenommene Systematisierung werden die Daten über zwei Schuljahre hinweg miteinander verglichen und festzustellende Unterschiede beim Einsatz von Aufgaben analysiert. Abschließend werden die gewonnenen Ergebnisse im Kontext der empirischen Zugänge zur Diskussion gestellt.
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