Comparative studies of mountain areas have long been at the core of the discussion about the relations between nature and culture as well as on environmental and social change. This volume searches for ways to develop further critical comparative perspectives in the study of cultures in mountain areas by drawing inter- and transdisciplinary links amongst anthropology, geography, folklore studies, montology, and global history. Drawing on examples mostly from the Alps and the Andes, but also extending to the global mountains, the authors explore socioecological environments, historical and political processes, borderscapes, demographic dynamics, forms of domestic organization, rituals, religiosities, and human-non-humanrelations.
Mount Kailash in Asia, the Black Hills in North America or Uluru in Australia: around the globe, there are numerous mountains that have been accorded sacredness in the past and present. Religious veneration is carried out with prayer, meditation and pilgrimage. One can use these mountains as probes to look under the surface of societies. A contrasting foil to this is Christianity, which for a long time showed little interest in nature. Thus, in the age of colonialism, a variety of tensions arose. Decolonization and the “ecological turn” changed religious interpretations and gave new meaning to talk about sacred mountains. At the level of global or quasi-global studies, the topic has so far been aimed primarily at a broad readership. Moreover, it is located in a diffuse interdisciplinary field between history, geography, anthropology, and religious studies. Therefore, the methodological discussion has fallen short. These notes would like to outline aspects thereof.
Animal Rearing, Hunting, and Sacrifice in the Andes: Rethinking Reciprocal Relations Between Humans and Mountains
A common idea in the southern Andes is that rituals to the mountains are part of a reciprocal pact between local populations and these powerful places, directed towards stabilising ecological systems and controlling resource management in their surrounding areas. However, human relations with mountains, especially the guardian mountains called uywiri, also serve as a crucial point of reference for metahuman powers of dominion that constrain human intervention in a certain environment, and which respond to the abuse of extracting too many minerals, or too many animals or plants, by devouring the humans within their domain. This Andean ethics concerning moral obligations towards the mountains, including the practices of rendering sacrifices, and its history, is my interest here. I compare these Andean practices, where mountains have mastery and ownership over the environment, with their lowland equivalents, and the proposal that these relations of power provide a missing link between regional notions of predation and of commensality through feeding.
“Prima che si urbanizzi” – Conservazione, urbanizzazione e turistificazione a Cusco
Questo articolo esamina alcuni processi urbani contemporanei nella città peruviana di Cusco. In particolare, studia il caso di un’area protetta privata situata all’interno della città, la Servitù Ecologica di Santa Maria (Servidumbre Ecológica), analizzando i fenomeni di turistificazione e urbanizzazione planetaria e inquadrandoli nel contesto socio-spaziale di una città di montagna. A questo scopo, utilizziamo una metodologia interdisciplinare che combina tecniche rigorose, strumenti analitici e contributi teorici provenienti dall‘antropologia e dalla geografia, seguendo principalmente l’approccio del City Profile. In questo articolo sosteniamo che i processi urbani in corso a Cusco interessano sia l‘area concentrata che quella estesa. Il principale motore di questa crescita urbana è il turismo, che non è più orientato esclusivamente al patrimonio culturale ma anche al tempo libero all‘aria aperta, in particolare nelle zone più elevate. Quest’ultimo implica una maggiore domanda di alloggi urbani e rurali e la costruzione di infrastrutture. Questa crescita urbana e turistica mette sempre più sotto pressione la Servidumbre ecológica.
Taking Stock of Two Decades of Change: The Alps and Alpine Anthropology in the Early Twenty-First Century
This chapter proposes to take stock of the changes undergone by the Alps and Alpine anthropology in the early 21st century and concentrates on the largely unexpected reversal in migration trends and its socio-cultural effects, also in the light of anthropology’s profound disciplinary reshaping in the same period. In order to put these recent or ongoing changes in perspective, however, the first sections revisit the quite different but significant changes experienced by Alpine anthropology in the late 20th century, most notably a growing involvement with history and the development of an ecological approach focused on the relations between human populations and natural resources. Although the demographic and especially climatic changes of the last two decades have brought about a shift from an ecological to a more explicitly environmental anthropology, community studies are nevertheless retaining their methodological centrality. This raises delicate issues about what should be meant by local community (and culture) in markedly changed sociodemographic settings. An analysis of the various kinds of “new highlanders” leads to an examination of the extent to which negotiations between old and new dwellers are affected by structural constraints, social cleavages and the availability of spaces for agency. Particular attention is paid to a topic that has so far been little explored by the anthropological literature on the Alps, namely intergenerational relations.
Forme di organizzazione domestica nelle Alpi: una prospettiva comparativa
Il capitolo sintetizza i principali elementi delle ricerche che ho condotto sull’organizzazione domestica nelle Alpi. Nel corso degli anni ho sviluppato una prospettiva alternativa agli approcci che hanno dominato nello studio storico e antropologico della famiglia e della parentela in Europa. Questo lavoro, confluito nel libro Au fil des générations (2011), propone una prospettiva comparativa sull’organizzazione domestica nelle Alpi, esaminata nella sua strutturazione storica. Nell’insieme, questo percorso suggerisce che i processi di natura giuridica e politica sono stati determinanti nel disegnare le configurazioni domestiche alpine, più dei fattori legati alle caratteristiche ambientali o alle differenze etniche e linguistiche.
Alla ricerca degli uomini-falco. Appunti per un’antropologia della montagna
Ha senso parlare di “antropologia alpina” ovvero, allargando lo sguardo, dell’antropologia dei popoli di montagna, come di una branca a sé stante della disciplina antropologica, che va oltre i connotati di una semplice specificazione geoambientale? Mantenendo su questo punto centrale una rigorosa neutralità, l’autore compie un excursus sintetico sui temi principali sottesi da questa sotto-disciplina, a partire dalla lunga esegesi che ha seguito la pubblicazione di un testo precursivo
Grenzlandstudien zu Südtirol: Das Borderscape-Konzept als historisch-geografisches Analyseinstrument in der regionalen Grenzlandforschung
Borderscape ist ein Konzept der aktuellen kritischen Grenzlandforschung und definiert als multidimensionale Landschaft von miteinander in Wechselwirkung stehenden Konflikt- und Begegnungsräumen, die mit politischen Grenzen in Verbindung stehen. Anhand der Analyse von Studien der Grenzforschung zu Südtirol, die in ihren historischen Kontext gestellt werden, wird die institutionelle, diskursive und symbolische Bildung von Geflechten aus politischen und sozial-kulturellen Grenzen in Südtirol skizziert. In den analysierten wissenschaftlichen Beiträgen der regionalen Grenzlandforschung zu Südtirol, die ins 19. Jh. zurückreicht, ist in den letzten 70 Jahren ein Perspektivenwechsel festzustellen, weg von nationalistischen Forschungsvorhaben, die sozial-kulturelle Grenzen zu etablieren suchen, hin zu kritischen Untersuchungen, die Wege aufzeigen, die Grenzen innerhalb der Südtiroler Bevölkerung und darüber hinaus zu überwinden.
Explorations into Alpine Culture. Narratives of the Walsers and Alpine Folklore Studies
Knowledge about Alpine Culture played an important role for the epistemologization of folklore studies since the 1930s. By looking at the processes of the production and circulation of knowledge and using the example of the multidisciplinary project of the Walser research, the importance of folklore studies as a discipline of cultural studies of the Alpine region becomes visible. By doing research on the settler people of the Walsers in the Alps, these research endeavors constructed a broad and increasingly popular knowledge, with persistent after-effects even in contemporary society. The article also focuses on the often neglected connection between affirmative-conservative positions and the narrowness of their perspectives, which fit well into the political landscapes of post-war societies in Alpine countries.
Reti accademiche ed ecologia culturale agli inizi dell’antropologia alpina e andina
Il capitolo individua alcuni punti di convergenza nella fase fondativa degli studi di antropologia socioculturale andina e alpina, concentrandosi sulle reti accademiche e amicali dei primi protagonisti e sull’approccio dell’ecologia culturale, che ne ha costituito uno dei principali quadri di riferimento teorico-metodologico. La prospettiva della storia dell’antropologia ci permette di guardare ai legami professionali e personali tra John V. Murra (1916-2006), Eric R. Wolf (1923-1999) e Julian H. Steward (1902-1972), promotore del paradigma dell’ecologia culturale. Analizzando i presupposti e gli sviluppi critici dell’ecologia culturale, il capitolo mette a fuoco uno dei principali punti di convergenza, ma anche di gestazione di linee di sviluppo tematico e torico divergente, dell’antropologia andina e alpina. Ripercorrendo lo sviluppo dell’approccio comparativo dell’antropologia ecologica delle aree di montagna dagli anni ’60 agli anni ’80, infine, si sottolineerà come la critica all’ecologia culturale in questo ambito corrisponda alla necessità, già inquadrata da Murra e da Wolf, di prendere in considerazione le dinamiche storiche e l’inserzione delle aree montane in un più vasto sistema-mondo.
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